Why Cite? Citing your sources may seem tedious, but it's important to cite because:
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social and behavioral sciences. These resources, revised according to the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, offer examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, and reference pages:
| PowerPoint Slides from a Classroom Website | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: |
Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open-source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login |
| In-Text Citation: | (Mack & Spake, 2018) |
| Special Note: |
If the audience you are writing for does not have access to the classroom website you're referencing, this would be cited as a personal communication. Personal communications are not included in the reference list. They are cited in the text only. Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible, using the following format: (R. Mack & G. Spake, personal communication, August 8, 2018) |
| Video Recording of Class Lecture | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: |
Jernigan, T. (2020, April 30). Week 4: Genome wide association studies and the “curse of dimensionality” [Zoom lecture]. In T. Jernigan, COGS 178: Genes, Brains, and Behavior. UC San Diego Canvas. http://canvas.ucsd.edu |
| In-Text Citation: | (Jernigan, 2020) |
| Special Note: |
If the audience you are writing for does not have access to the class lecture recording you're referencing, this would be cited as a personal communication. Personal communications are not included in the reference list. They are cited in the text only. Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible, using the following format: (T. Jernigan, personal communication, April 30, 2020) |
| Course Assignment Submitted in Canvas | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: |
Gonzales, J. (2020). Week 1 journal [Unpublished manuscript]. In E. Johnston, DOC 1: Reading Diversity. UC San Diego Canvas. http://canvas.ucsd.edu |
| In-Text Citation: | (Gonzales, 2020) |
| Special Note: |
If the audience you are writing for does not have access to the submitted assignment you're referencing, this would be cited as a personal communication. Personal communications are not included in the reference list. They are cited in the text only. Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible, using the following format: (J. Gonzales, personal communication, 2020) |
| Online Class Discussion Post | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: |
Smattering, L. (2014, February 28). Re: Academic Integrity [Discussion post]. Walden University Blackboard. https://class.waldenu.edu |
| In-Text Citation: | (Smattering, 2014) |
| Special Note: |
If the audience you are writing for does not have access to the class discussion post you're referencing, this would be cited as a personal communication. Personal communications are not included in the reference list. They are cited in the text only. Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible, using the following format: (L. Smattering, personal communication, February 28, 2014) |
| Notes from a class lecture | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: |
None. |
| In-Text Citation: | (Goldman, 2024) |
| Special Note: |
Your own notes from a lecture are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the References list. Put the citation right after a quote or paraphrased content from the class lecture. (C. Goldman, personal communication, October 22, 2024) |
